River long water course that flows down a slope along a bed between banks. It originates from a 'source' and culminates to a sea or
lake at its 'mouth'. Along its length it may be joined by smaller
rivers called 'tributaries'. A river and its tributaries form a 'river
system'. Land surfaces are never perfectly flat, and as a result the runoff water after precipitation tends to flow downward by the shortest and steepest course in depressions formed by the intersection of slopes. Runoff water of sufficient volume and velocity join to form a stream that, by the erosion of underlying earth and rock, becomes deep enough to be fed ground water or when it has as its source an ultimate water reservoir, for example, the ganges flowing from the Gangotri Glacier and the brahmaputra from the Manas Sarovar.
A river tends to eliminate irregularities and forms a
smooth gradient from its source to its base level. As it approaches
base level, downward cutting is replaced by lateral cutting, and the
river widens its bed and valley and develops a sinuous course that forms
exaggerated loops and bends called meander. A river can open up a new channel across the arc of a meander, thereby cutting off the arc and creating an oxbow lake. River velocity determines quantity and size of rock fragments and sediment
carried by the river. Whenever velocity is checked by changes of flow
of gradient, by meeting the water mass of lakes or ocean, or by the
spreading of water when a stream overflows its banks, part of the load
carried by the stream is deposited in the river bed or beyond the
channel. Landforms produced by deposition include the delta, the floodplain, the channel bar, and the alluvial fan and cone.
Traditionally,
river systems have been classified according to their stage of
development as 'young', 'mature', or 'old'. The young river is marked by
steepsided valley, steep gradients, and irregularities in the bed; the
mature river by a valley with a wide floor and flaring sides, by
advanced headward erosion by tributaries, and by a more smoothly
gradient bed; and the old river by a course graded to base level and
running through a peneplain, or broad flat area. Most of the rivers of
Bangladesh are at their old stage and
enter into the bay of bengal.
River valleys have been important centres of civilisation, they afford travel routes, and their alluvial soils
form good agricultural lands. Navigable rivers are important in
commerce and have influenced the location of cities. In Bangladesh,
almost all the major cities/towns and commercial centres are located on
the banks of rivers, eg, Dhaka on the bank of buriganga, Narayanganj by the side of shitalakshya, Chittagong by the side of karnafuli,
and Mymensingh by the side of Brahmaputra. Rivers with sufficient water
volume, velocity and gradient can be used to produce hydroelectric
power. At kaptai the river Karnafuli of Chittagong region is being utilised for producing hydroelectricity.
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